משרד העלייה והקליטה. Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption צה"ל. Military Service. 6 th Edition

Transcription

1 משרד העלייה והקליטה Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption צה"ל Military Service 6 th Edition

2 Produced by The Publications Department Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption 15 Rehov Hillel, Jerusalem All Rights Reserved Jerusalem 2014 Ida Ben Shetreet - Director, Publications Department Laura L. Woolf - Chief Editor, English Language Publications Liron Cohen-Poor - Research Catalogue Number: הופק על ידי אגף מידע ופרסום משרד העלייה והקליטה רח' הלל 15, ירושלים כל הזכויות שמורות ירושלים 2014 Telephone Information Center (03) info@moia.gov.il הודפס על ידי המדפיס הממשלתי Special Thanks to Meitav Commander Aluf Mishne Gil Ben Shaul, to Colonel Gil Ben Shaul, to Major Sagit Chanchis, Head of the Department of Bikoret and Hityatzvut, to Tnuach Division Staff Officer Lieu tenant Or Tuval, to Ms. Inbal Paz-Petel, Head of the Hasbarah Unit, Mr. Ben Hilaf, Senior Advisor for Appeals of the F und and Guidance Unit for Discharged Soldiers of the Ministry of Defense. Thanks also to Ya akov Dannon, Director of Army Affairs and Shaul Givner, The Center for Immigrant Soldiers of the Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption, for their assistance in updating this booklet.

3 Table of Contents An Introduction to the Israel Defense Forces שירות עולים בצה''ל - מבוא 5 שירות סדיר Compulsory Service 7 הגיוס Induction 23 הטירונות Basic Training 27 אל מי לפנות Whom to Approach 34 הטבות לעולים Benefits to New Immigrants 36 חיילים משוחררים Discharged Soldiers 45 שירות מילואים Annual Reserve Duty 54 כתובות וטלפונים Useful Addresses 56 Military Service 3

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5 The I.D.F. An Introduction to the Israel Defense Forces Most new immigrants to Israel from English-speaking countries are not familiar with armies in general or the Israel Defense Forces (I.D.F.) in particular. Among the most highly respected armies in the world, the I.D.F. is exceptional in that it is a citizen army. Nearly all of Israel s men and women serve in it the men throughout most of their lives. The I.D.F. is a professional force capable of complex military operations using the most modern technologies. Yet new immigrants are sometimes surprised by the human, egalitarian approach toward the individual soldier. Relations between officers and soldiers are on a first-name basis once basic training is over, and consideration is generally given to each soldier's personal and family needs. The I.D.F. recognizes the difficulties that immigrants face in adjusting to Israeli society, and understands that military service is an essential part of this integration. Service in the I.D.F. involves learning army discipline, coping with fatigue, experiencing basic training (tironut,) learning specific military skills, and becoming part of a large and sometimes incomprehensible system. Your fortitude, sense of humor and willingness to lend a helping hand, together with your basic belief in Israel's right to exist and the Jewish people's duty to defend itself, will greatly assist you during your military service. This booklet is designed to help new immigrants anticipate what they will face when their time comes to serve. Just remember that many thousands of immigrants have come into the army and today, despite the inherent difficulties of army service, are proud to do their share and be part of the Israel Defense Forces. Military Service 5

6 A portion of the material presented here is based on explanatory I.D.F. brochures as well as the book "Likrat Giyus" (Towards Call Up,) by Chaim Rabiya and Emmanuel Rozen (Keter Publishing, Jerusalem, 1988). Additional material can be found in public libraries and bookstores. Information is also available from the following websites: aka.idf.il Note: this is the sixth edition of this booklet, and hereby nullifies all previous editions. The information contained here is based on data provided by various official sources. Details are subject to change. In case of any discrepancy, the rules and regulations of the Israel Defense Forces, the Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption, and all other official bodies will prevail. 6 Military Service

7 Compulsory Service Eligibility for Service New immigrants are conscripted for regular service (sherut sadir) or shortened service (sherut mekutzar) after 12 months in the country. A new immigrant who has not received a call-up notice (tzav kriya,) is still legally required to register within 6 months of receiving new-immigrant status. Contact an I.D.F. induction center (lishkat hagius) in order to receive more detailed information. Length and Type of Compulsory Service The length and type of compulsory service is based on age on the date of first arrival in Israel, regardless of status at the time (tourist, temporary resident, new immigrant, etc.) and on family status on the date of induction. Medical profile is also taken into consideration. A stay in Israel as a tourist or temporary resident followed by two or more years away from Israel will usually not be counted in determining the date of first arrival. The date of arrival for one who stayed for up to one year on a program under the auspices of the Jewish Agency or the Student Authority, and has written authorization from these bodies, is calculated as follows: For one who left the country upon completion of the program and returned to Israel after being absent for 12 months or more, the date if return is the date of arrival. For one who remained in Israel, or left and returned within 12 months, the date of first entry into the country is the date of arrival. Military Service 7

8 Table I. Compulsory Service for Immigrant Men Who Made Aliyah Prior to 1/7/06 Age upon Arrival in Israel Family Status Profile Single Married Married + To Age Months 36 Months Months 18 Months Months 12 Months Months 6 Months (possibility of exemption) Exempt Exempt Months (possibility of exemption) 6 Months (possibility of exemption) Exempt Exempt *Reserves *Reserves 30 and Up Exempt Exempt Exempt 1 or More Children Exempt Table II. Compulsory Service for Immigrant Men Who Made Aliyah Following 1/7/06 Age upon Arrival in Israel Family Status Profile Single Married Married + To Age Months 36 Months Months 18 Months Months 6 Months Months 6 Months 1 or More Children Exempt *Reserves *Reserves *Reserves *Reserves 30 and Up Exempt Exempt Exempt * A soldier assigned to a reserve unit is subject to conscription, but is only called up for service according to the needs of the army. 8 Military Service

9 Note that length of service for new immigrants may be periodically updated based on the Army s needs and guidelines. The information contained in this booklet is a general outline only. In the event of any discrepancy between the information contained here, and the rules and regulations of the I.D.F., the rules and regulations of the I.D.F. will prevail. Updated information is available from I.D.F. conscription centers, and from www. aka.idf.il. Table III. Compulsory Service for Immigrant Women Age on Arrival Unmarried Married to age months exempt 20 and over exempt exempt Physicians and Dentists The Military Service Law (1986) mandates the conscription of male physicians and dentists up to the age of 38 for military service with their consent (voluntarily). The Law also defines the conscription of new-immigrant physicians according to the following guidelines: 1. Male physicians for mandatory service of 18 months. 2. Male dentists up to and including the age of 29 for mandatory service of 18 months. Women physicians may not be conscripted without their consent. Physicians and dentists who are conscripted serve according to the same conditions as soldiers in the career army (keva). An immigrant physician or dentist who is conscripted, or who is interested in volunteering, is invited to meet with a military physicians board, under the auspices of the Chief Medical Officer. During the meeting, the Board decides if the candidate is suitable to serve as a military physician, and a draft date is set accordingly. To serve in the I.D.F. as a doctor or dentist, it is necessary to have an Israeli medical license from the Ministry of Health (For details about Israeli licensing procedures, consult the brochure entitled "Medical Professionals" available from the Publications Department. See the order form at the back Military Service 9

10 of this booklet.) It is also necessary to undergo specialization training for at least one year in an Israeli civilian hospital. Note: in all cases, the exact length of service is decided only after reporting to the draft office, and may be influenced by additional factors that are not mentioned in this booklet. Foreign Citizenship The Military Service Law requires the conscription of every permanent resident, whether or not they hold foreign citizenship. Immigrants concerned about maintaining foreign citizenship in light of service in the I.D.F. should check with the appropriate immigrant association, or their country s embassy or consulate in order to clarify and protect their status. If required, the I.D.F. can provide a document affirming that army conscription is an involuntary action and that it is compulsory and unavoidable. Service in Foreign Armies New immigrants who served in a foreign army are usually eligible for a reduction in the length of I.D.F. service. Service is shortened according to the length of the foreign service, and in most cases is no less than a minimum of six months. In order to be eligible, it is necessary to present proof of previous military service to a special committee. Documents must be translated and notarized. Immigrant physicians and dentists who served in a foreign army can also usually have their service in the I.D.F. shortened according to the length of the previous service. In most cases, shortened service is no less than a minimum of six months of service. Returning Israelis Child of Israel Citizens Residing Overseas The Army classifies a child of Israeli citizens residing overseas as a ben mehagrim. A candidate for military service who is recognized as a ben mehagrim, and who has returned to Israel permanently, is subject to the 10 Military Service

11 same regulations that apply to new immigrants if they have reached the age of 20 upon return. A candidate for service, who departed Israel with their parents in order to reside abroad before the age of 13, is subject to the same regulations as new immigrants, if they reach the age of 18 upon return to Israel. Israeli citizens of army age living abroad, who return to Israel, are required to serve according to the following criteria: Israeli citizens who either leave Israel under the age of 16 (or 15, if they left prior to 1/5/97,) or are born abroad to Israeli parents, are generally eligible for deferred service as long as they remain resident abroad. Citizens who return to Israel on a permanent basis are subject to conscription according to age. A woman born to Israeli citizens overseas, who returns to take up residence in Israel after the age of 20, is usually exempt from service, on condition that she did not previously reside in Israel for a period of more than 120 days in a calendar year before the age of 20. If she resides in Israel for 120 days in one calendar year before the age of 20, she can be exempt from army service only if she returns to Israel following the age of 21. Israeli citizens who visit the country on a one-time basis, for a period of up to one year, or make separate visits for a total of no more than 120 days, are not considered as having returned to Israel. Israeli citizens who leave Israel with their parents before the age of 13 in order to reside overseas, and whose parents return to Israel following their 18 th birthday, are not conscripted as long as they remain resident abroad. An Israeli citizen who leaves Israel at age 16 or over, one or both of whose parents remain in Israel, is subject to conscription upon becoming age 18 according to the Military Service Law. Duration of service is the same as for all other Israelis. Military Service 11

12 Exemptions from Service Men Exemptions from military service for men are extremely rare. Each case is investigated very carefully. Women A woman may be exempt from military service under any of the following conditions: She is recognized as leading a religiously observant lifestyle. She comes from a religious background. She is married. She is pregnant. She is a mother. A woman may be granted an exemption on the basis of a religious lifestyle provided that: 1. She has declared that for reasons of conscience, or a religious way of life, she is prevented from doing military service and has proven this to the satisfaction of the exemption committee. 2. She keeps the laws of Kashrut at home and outside the home. 3. She does not travel on Shabbat. Remember that women who arrive in Israel at age 20 and over are generally exempt from army service. In order to be exempt on the grounds of a religious way of life, it is necessary to submit a statement from a Rabbinic Court, signed by a judge and confirming that the applicant keeps the laws of Kashrut both at home and away from home, that she does not travel on Shabbat, and that her religious lifestyle prevents her from serving. 12 Military Service

13 Many persons who are exempt from army service for volunteer for "Sherut Ezrachi" (Civilian Service) or National Service (Sherut Leumi). Volunteers serve the country by assisting under-privileged children and persons with disabilities, working in hospitals, schools, social-service institutions, and in various other important capacities. Deferments or Advancements of Service Under certain circumstances, an immigrant soldier may defer or bring forward the date of conscription. Each case is judged on its own merit, and the I.D.F. retains the right to allow or reject the request. The length and type of service following deferral or advancement depends upon the discretion of the I.D.F. Submit any request for deferment or advancement of service to the mador prat of the local draft board long before enlistment date. Include any documents or authorizations that support the request. Change of Personal Status The I.D.F. calculates the length of compulsory service for a new immigrant for whom there is any change in personal status between the date of arrival and date of call-up (e.g., marriage or additional children,) in accordance with family status on the date of call-up. All reductions in length of service because of changes in personal status are valid only if inductees register with the local draft board at the proper time, and notify the board of these changes in advance, prior to actual induction. One who postpones their initial registration may forfeit the right to have the service period shortened. Service Options Regular Service Immigrants who do a full period of regular service (sherut sadir) have the same service options as all other recruits. At the induction center (Bakum- Basis Klita U Miyun ) inductees are presented with all the available service options (see section on Bakum). They then begin basic training in the army unit to which they are assigned. Military Service 13

14 The majority of I.D.F. job opportunities are open to both men and women, including technicians and communications specialists, weapons instructors, air force navigators, military and border police, cartographers, and administrative and ordnance personnel. Immigrant Reserves The Immigrant Reserves (Atudat Olim) is a military track for those who complete high school overseas, and are interested in studying for an academic or technical degree before military service. New immigrants with a matriculation certificate (te udat bagrut) from their country of origin, or its overseas equivalent, and are of age for conscription into the I.D.F., can request to join the Immigrant Reserves. Conditions of Eligibility New immigrants with a matriculation certificate or equivalent from their country of origin. Children born overseas to Israeli parents, who make aliyah following the age of 18 and who did not study in an Israeli high school, or alternatively, complete high school or academic studies overseas. Israeli citizens who depart Israel before the age of 16, complete highschool studies overseas, and are recognized as bnai mehagrim. Conditions of Acceptance New immigrants who are accepted to an institute of academic or technical studies, or are already studying in an institution, and will earn a BA or technology degree, provided that they commence academic study within 1 1/2 years of arrival, or technological studies within one year of arrival on any type of visa (e.g., tourist, temporary resident, new immigrant). Prior to military service, new immigrants may study at the bachelor s level only, although immigrants who arrive in Israel following bachelor s degree study may study for a master s degree provided that they complete studies within three years. 14 Military Service

15 As stated above, the atudat olim is only open to candidates who did not attend high school in Israel, including external high school. However, studies at a pre-military high school are not considered high school studies in Israel. Students may study any subject, in any academic institution in Israel, including recognized Israeli branches of overseas universities, with the exception of institutions in which study is via correspondence. Registration Download information and registration forms from www. aka. idf. il/ giyus, and attach the following: Authorization of acceptance to an institution of higher education from the secretariat of the institution. The authorization should state the field of study and the academic year, and verify student status. Up-to-date grades and details of credit points for candidates who have already begun studies, as well as the projected date for receipt of the degree. Send documents to the mercaz sherut kedam-tzva i (03) Note that sending an application does not mean automatic acceptance into the Atuda. Deferring Conscription At the beginning of each academic year, and no later than September, students must reapply for deferral of conscription. Deferral is not automatic, and not initiated by the army. The maximum number of deferrals is 4 academic years for engineering studies and 3 academic years for exact sciences and other subjects. Students can request an additional year for pre-academic preparatory subjects (mechina). Another year may be granted with special permission. Technology students can have conscription deferred for up to two years. Deferral is for the purpose of studies only. Persons who discontinue studies are conscripted according to age, family status, and other factors. Military Service 15

16 Discontinuing Study The Army may discontinue studies for the following reasons: Studies are discontinued at an institution for any reason (failure to meet academic standards, interrupted study) Failure to submit a request for deferral on time Transfer from one discipline to another, or from one institution to another, without notifying the Army and without receiving the proper authorizations. Failure to cooperate with the induction center or other military bodies with which it is necessary to complete various procedures. Failure to acquire the minimum required credit points in a given academic year. Disciplinary problems between the student and the academic institution or the student and the Army. Placement in Professions Following completion of studies, students are conscripted for I.D.F. service according to age, family status, and other factors. Although the army is not obligated to integrate soldiers according to their profession, soldiers who do serve according to their profession are obligated to serve in the career army (keva) for a total of five-years (three years of compulsory service plus 2 years in the career army or another combination as the Army sees fit). Hesder Hesder combines military service with yeshiva study. It is open to graduates of yeshiva high schools recognized by the I.D.F., or to students who take matriculation exams in five study units of Talmud. Service in Hesder usually requires a commitment of approximately 5 years in the Army including the period of study. In most cases, this includes 16 months of active service, with the remainder of service with no salary. Registration for Hesder is at a conscription office during 12 th grade, and is until the month of March. For more information, contact a conscription office, or see www. aka. idf. il, or www. hesder. org. il. 16 Military Service

17 Note: For more information on service options, courses, etc. visit the I.D.F. website: Vocational Classification The vocational classification procedure begins at the end of 11 th grade and is for military candidates who are not drafted into combat units. Following procedures at an induction center, candidates are invited to a vocational classification day at a placement center, during which they take various forms of aptitude tests in order to determine personal capabilities and allow the Army to decide upon the optimal placement during service. Candidates then receive an interactive questionnaire to fill out on the Army website in order to indicate service preferences. Military Service 17

18 Conscription Every new immigrant of military age should receive an "Order to Report for Registration" (tzav hityatzvut) during their first year in Israel. This order indicates the date they are to report at the local induction center to register and undergo a preliminary medical examination. One who is not issued such an order, or who becomes an immigrant some time after arriving in Israel, must nevertheless report within 6 months of attaining new-immigrant status. When to serve in the Army is one of the biggest decisions facing immigrants. Postponing military service may create a situation in which immigrants can find themselves in a unit with much younger recruits, since most Israelis enter the Army at age 18. Waiting too long may result in military service becoming inconvenient in terms of work and family obligations. Delaying service is particularly problematic for persons who establish a business before their initial service period. Although the Army does run Hebrew language courses (ulpanim,) it is important to have gained a basic working knowledge of Hebrew prior to induction. Sometimes it is advisable to serve while still eligible for new immigrant benefits. The Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption does provide some aid during regular service, and the period of benefits is extended for the term of compulsory service. It is advisable to check with a personal absorption counselor regarding these matters before the initial visit to the draft board. Advice and counseling is also available from the various immigrant organizations. The Registration Procedure During the first visit to the draft board, candidates for service undergo medical examinations, tests, and a personal interview, and must supply personal information on numerous occasions. 18 Military Service

19 The following items are required for the first appearance at the draft board: Order to report for registration (tzav hityatzvut), if received. Identity cards te'udat zehut and te'udat oleh, passport(s), including canceled ones, showing all visas and dates of arrival, driver s license. Diplomas and other certificates of profession or education (original and photocopy). Students should bring confirmation of studies, or of registration in an institution of higher education. Documents concerning previous service in a foreign army (if applicable,) original and photocopy as well as photographs in uniform. The medical form received prior to induction (if it has not already been returned by mail). Medical documents that attest to any health problems. Submit these with the medical form. Documents that certify personal status, i.e., those that attest to single or married status, in order to receive appropriate benefits. Results of a didactic test, if undergone, from a psychologist or didactic diagnostician, in Hebrew, for candidates with learning disabilities. Health-fund details: name of the fund, branch, name of the family physician, telephone number of the health-fund office. Note: bring original documents for display purposes only. Only submit photocopies. NEVER give original documents to anyone! The First Interview At the draft board (lishkat hagius,) all pertinent facts should be brought to the attention of the clerks. These include family status; married, without family in Israel, etc. An only son (in families in which there are no other children) cannot be sent to a front-line unit, unless his parents sign a waiver. The same qualification exists if a member of the family was killed while serving. Military Service 19

20 Tests Recruits take a battery of tests, including a Hebrew test and psychometric tests. Immigrants who took the Hebrew test at the time of initial registration, but are not due to be inducted for several months, are advised to apply for a repeat Hebrew test if they feel that their command of the language has improved. A higher grade on the Hebrew test may mean a more interesting assignment during service. Following completion of the tests, recruits receive a questionnaire that requests their preferences of service (known as the manila ). It is necessary to fill out the questionnaire in order to receive an appropriate assignment. Medical Profile A medical examination determines "profile" rating. The examination includes measuring weight and height, and checking blood pressure, pulse, and vision (for recruits who have not brought results of an eye exam conducted by their optometrist). Recruits are requested to supply information about illnesses or medical problems they are currently experiencing or have experienced in the past, as well as any past surgeries. It is necessary to supply all relevant medical documentation of any conditions. Two physicians conduct a physical examination, and, if necessary, provide referrals to additional examinations by a medical specialist. Factors affecting profile include medical history, vision problems, medications, operations, and psychological problems. Bring all relevant medical documents to this examination, and furnish all medical details in order to prevent problems during army service. Once the medical examination is complete, inductees then wait to receive a date to report for induction. Meitav Meitav is the unit of the Army responsible for classifying and placing candidates for military service. The unit is part of the Army s Manpower unit Agaf Koach Adam Aka. Meitav operates an information line for inductees that they can call starting from the day they are drafted. The information line can answer questions about medical issues, conditions of 20 Military Service

21 service (in unusual circumstances only,) and explanations about placement procedures. The information line can also help if a soldier needs to be located in an emergency or if a soldier is in emotional distress. The information center operates 24 hours a day during the main inductions in July, August, November, and March. For inquiries prior to induction, contact one of the induction centers. See Useful Addresses. Placement Job assignments are determined by the needs of the I.D.F., as well as by inductees preferences for serving in a specific branch as indicted in the questionnaire that they fill out. Other factors taken into consideration are test results, educational background, professional training or experience, medical profile, extenuating family circumstances such as being married, being an only son, a family member injured in an enemy action, and other factors. Requesting a Deferment Inductees who feel they have a specific personal problem preventing them from serving may submit a written request for postponement of their induction date when first reporting to the local draft board. This request will be given all due consideration. However, an individual who has already received notice of an official date of induction must consider this date in force until they receive an official reply to the postponement request. New immigrants should check with a personal absorption counselor at the Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption before submitting such a request. It is also recommended to report any personal problems that may affect army service to the local draft board. Overseas Travel before Induction New immigrants who wish to travel overseas prior to compulsory service do not need any authorization from the Army on condition that their overseas stay does not exceed three months, and that they return to Israel no later than three days before induction. Military Service 21

22 Before Induction general tips 1. Talk to those who have finished their army service. Ask them what to do, what to say, and what to bring. Ask them about the different branches of service. 2. Find a place to live before reporting for service. Israel is a small country and soldiers go home during leave. In particular cases the I.D.F. may contribute towards the lodging expenses, but will not provide a place to live during leave. 3. Immigrant soldiers who wish to retain foreign citizenship should check with their immigrant association and native country s embassy or consulate. 4. Prior to induction, new immigrants are summoned to the draft board and informed of the various service opportunities available to them. During this interview, explain any personal problems or difficulties. The Army frequently organizes parents' meetings during which parents can get information and explanations about what their children are likely to encounter during their service. 22 Military Service

23 Induction New recruits first report to the Induction Center "Bakum" (basis klita u'miyun). There they receive an Army identity card (pinkas hoger) with a serial number (mispar ishi). Recruits should memorize this number as soon as possible, since they will be repeating it often. Possession of a pinkas hoger entitles benefits as a soldier in compulsory service, such as discounts on public transportation. It is extremely important to take care not to lose the pinkas hoger. The order to report for induction should contain instructions about how to arrive at the induction center. Bring the following: Order to Report for Induction Identity card (te udat zehut) or Israeli passport. Bank card or bank account details. Driver s license (if applicable). Authorization of special conditions of service (if applicable) such as authorization of lone-soldier status, eligibility for financial assistance, etc. Personal belongings. Those entering compulsory service are issued uniforms, underwear, socks, a shaving kit and a toothbrush, sewing kit, towel, boots, and a kit bag (duffel bag) in which to carry possessions. Women are given similar supplies. Those entering shortened service are given less equipment. All new recruits should check that their uniform and boots fit properly as soon as they receive them. Exchange them immediately if they are uncomfortable. On the first day at Bakum, soldiers are also photographed, given injections, and given a cash advance against their monthly stipend. The Army transfers salaries directly to soldiers bank accounts; soldiers can either open a bank account at Bakum, or use an existing account. It is recommended Military Service 23

24 to compare conditions for soldier s accounts at various banks prior to induction. After receiving gear, recruits are interviewed by a selection officer (unless they have made a previous arrangement such as a pilot's training course). This officer is responsible for assigning recruits to a branch of the armed forces, such as tanks, artillery, or infantry, according to the manpower needs of the army. The officer examines medical profile and age, and asks for each person s three preferred areas of service. The decision is based primarily on the needs of the Army, although they will try to honor requests if possible. Immigrants receive no special consideration in choice of assignments. The Army's criteria for assignments include educational background, medical profile, overall proficiency rating, and a recruit s wish to volunteer for a particular unit. Immigrants are assigned according to the same criteria as any other recruit. Among the initial induction activities, recruits are photographed for the te udat hoger (soldier s identification card) and receive the card. This card remains with each soldier throughout their service and can entitle them various benefits such as discounts on public transportation. Men may also receive a haircut. Inoculations are administered at Bakum as needed, including tetanus, hepatitis, and meningitis. It is very important for recruits with any sensitivity to inoculations to present attesting medical documentation at Bakum. From Bakum, recruits are sent to an Army ulpan or to basic training. Each branch has its own training base. At the end of basic training recruits receive an assignment to a unit or sent on to a specialized training course. Volunteering for Special Units Induction procedures are slightly different for recruits who wish to volunteer for a special unit. It is necessary to take aptitude tests, psychometric exams and special medical exams, fill out a socio-metric questionnaire, a preference questionnaire, and pass motivation tests. Those who pass all the tests are invited to what is known as gibush. Gibush is essentially a series of further tests and exercises that lasts approximately one week. Gibush can often be very grueling, and is designed to determine the candidates 24 Military Service

25 suitability for elite units. Candidates who are chosen are sent on to basic training; those who are not are assigned to a regular unit. More information is available from the website of the I.D.F. Manpower Unit: Field Units There is a large variety of assignments within field units. A number require participation in a preparatory course known as a course kedam tzvai cadatz or training during service. To view a list of assignments and courses, see Special Courses for Immigrant Soldiers At the beginning of the service period, immigrant soldiers can participate in a Nativ course that surveys Jewish culture and heritage, or in an Eitan course, which is part of the conversion procedure. For more information, contact the telephone information center of the Aliyah Division of the Educational Corps, (03) What To Take Although the Army takes care of all of soldiers basic physical needs, it is necessary to bring some personal equipment from home. The items recommended in the following list will go a long way toward facilitating basic training and service. Personal first aid kit with band aids (plasters,) mosquito repellent, aspirin, and personal medications. Plastic bags to organize and separate clothes and equipment as well as to keep everything dry and dust-free. Elastic (about 2 feet in length) for garters (gumiot) to hold up pants' cuffs and also for eyeglasses. Pocket or draftsman's knife (olar) used for everything from opening packages to cutting materials. Razor blades (even for soldiers with a beard,) matches, and candles are required for basic training. Military Service 25

26 Siddur, Tallit, and Tefillin for observant soldiers; the Army also supplies these upon request. Waterproof felt-tip pen for marking all equipment with name and serial number. Length of stout cord for clothes line, holding up pup tents, tying together blankets with loose equipment and a hundred other uses. Small flashlight. Toilet paper (absolutely essential). Small screwdriver for cleaning personal weapons. Long shackle lock to lock kit bags. Laundry soap for washing out socks and underwear. Shoe polish, black or brown, depending on the branch of service. Safety pins for pinning tags on uniforms. Shower sandals (kafkafim). Extra gray socks, shoelaces, and underwear. Toiletries and hand soap. A covered watch strap. An old toothbrush for cleaning weapons. Electrical tape. Sheet (optional). Towel It is usually not necessary to have more than one set of civilian clothes. Everything should be as small and light as possible, because in basic training soldiers often have to carry all of their equipment. 26 Military Service

27 Basic Training Probably the most difficult period in any soldier's career is basic training (tironut). Tironut differs in intensity depending on age, health, gender, and branch of service. Basic training has two purposes: 1. To teach individuals the essentials of soldiering. 2. To teach people from different cultures and walks of life to work together and help one another. Through the rigors of basic training, recruits learn about their own capabilities, those of their fellow soldiers, and a great deal about human nature under stress. Everyone is stretched to the limits of their endurance and strength. It may be surprising to discover physical and mental capacities greater than ever expected. One cannot really prepare for tironut, although some physical training, especially running, may help. The day-to-day components of basic training include inspections, hikes, runs, carrying loaded stretchers, field exercises, and constant guard duty. Lectures, films, and excursions offer a welcome break from the daily routine. There may be times during basic training when a recruit may feel like arguing and complaining. It is advantageous not to cut one s self off from contact with comrades, although this may not always be easy. In the majority of situations, it is better to try to establish friendships, even if they are with people not otherwise normally chosen as friends. The ability to laugh and joke together will reduce tensions considerably and help to ease the difficult moments. Following tironut, most soldiers are sent to a military specialty course to learn the skills they will use throughout the rest of their army service. Military Service 27

28 Helpful Hints for Basic Training Soldiers who enter the army with a beard are not required to shave, but soldiers who clean-shaven are expected to be clean-shaven at every morning inspection. A large amount and variety of equipment is given to each soldier. Check all equipment immediately for defects tears, missing buckles, incorrect size and exchange defective equipment on the spot. Soldiers are responsible for every piece of their equipment. Recruits should write their name on all items and look after them carefully. Don't sign for anything not received. Remember, a soldier is liable to be tried and fined for the loss of any equipment or documents. A soldier s weapon is central to basic training. Never let it out of sight! Loss of a weapon is a major offense and carries a heavy penalty. Always show up prepared and on time. Don't be a wise-guy, and avoid arguments with officers. Stay calm and cool. Don't take anything personally. Most recruits find when it is all over that officers and commanders were simply doing their jobs. Last, and most important, buoy up fellow recruits, and they in turn will offer their support. During certain periods, especially during basic training, special days are set aside for parents to visit their children s base. During the period of preparation for the Army, the parents of soldiers are also prepared for the experience. The Army organizes parents' nights during which parents can get information and explanations about what their children are likely to encounter their service. Women in the Israel Defense Forces Over the past few years the I.D.F. has made great efforts to integrate women into military service on a par with men; assignments are now more often based on personal ability and not on gender. A large variety of assignments are open to women, including combat positions, officer s 28 Military Service

29 courses, technological professions, maintenance positions, the technical and academic reserves, combat units and combat-support units, and more. Female recruits can choose from a wide range of courses (including premilitary courses) which enable them to receive high-level assignments, and to make a significant contribution during their service. A special division within the I.D.F., the Advisor to the Chief of Staff on Women s Issues (yoetzet leramat kal leinyanei nashim yohalan ) works to advance equality and opportunities for women, and to help women soldiers to maximize their skills and potential. They also strive to ensure a respectful, secure, and non-discriminatory working environment for women soldiers. Contact the division via: Female recruits are issued with information sheets about where to ask questions and seek help in the event of difficulties. A woman who feels she is being discriminated against, or experiences any difficulty, and does not find an appropriate source of aid among the listings in the information sheets, can consult with the Support and Counseling Center of the Advisor to the Chief of Staff on Women s Issues. See Useful Addresses. Medical Issues Female soldiers receive written information about medical examination policies with details about gynecological care and pregnancy. According to regulations, women soldiers are entitled to an examination by a unit physician, and have the right to request that a female medic or another female soldier be present during the examination. During the examination, men should be prevented from entering the room (except for doctors). Unit physicians are not authorized to conduct gynecological examinations; such examinations take place a specialist s clinic. Women may make an appointment for a gynecological examination directly, with no need of a referral from the unit physician, provided that the appointment is at a military specialist s clinic. Women may also choose a civilian gynecologist from a list that is included in the Guidelines for Women s Medical Examinations (nohal bedika refuit lechayelet). It is necessary to receive a referral from a unit physician (form # 103). Military Service 29

30 Counseling and Guidance Any woman soldier in need of counseling, guidance, or aid in situations of sexual harassment, domestic violence, or other issue, can consult with the Support and Counseling Center. See Useful Addresses. How to Guard Your Health Despite the pressure and physical difficulties, and necessity of being active in every type of weather, the Army does its best to send soldiers home healthy and whole. However, there are steps that individuals can take personally in order to reduce the chances of illness and to keep feeling fit. The following tips are designed to help soldiers maintain their health. Drink Plenty of Water. During the summer months particularly, it is vital to drink tremendous quantities. At least four liters of water daily is the minimum. Protect Yourself From the Heat. During the months of April through October, weather reports refer to the "omes hahom." This is roughly translated as the intensity of the heat and refers to a combination of the temperature, humidity, and wind speed. Being aware of the omes hahom is especially important to soldiers, particularly those involved in field exercises. In areas in which the heat is very intense it is possible to suffer from heat stroke even when careful to drink enough water. Don't take any chances heat stroke can be fatal! When exerting yourself physically, your body temperature rises and does not have the chance to cool down. Be sure to drink water at every possible opportunity. Take every available opportunity to rest, in the shade if possible. Wear a wide-brimmed hat, sunglasses, and loose clothing, but avoid sleeveless shirts. Seek medical attention immediately if you begin to experience any of the symptoms of heat stroke, including weakness, dizziness, or nausea. Diarrhea. In any case of diarrhea, consult a doctor immediately in order to ascertain that you are suffering from a simple digestive upset or virus, and not a more serious condition. Be sure to drink plenty of water in order to replace body fluids and avoid dehydration. If you have any doubts as to the cleanliness of water, use the water purification tablets provided by the army. 30 Military Service

31 Protect Your Feet. Your feet take a great deal of punishment during basic training, especially during long marches. Make use of every chance to remove your boots and socks and let your feet breath. Try to change socks at least once a day. Medications. The army is solely responsible for soldiers health. Therefore, it is forbidden to take any kind of medications, even simple aspirin for a headache, without reporting your complaint to an army doctor. Rights and Obligations of Soldiers in Regular Service Discipline One of the fundamental principles of military service is that of discipline. Soldiers must carry out commanders orders and instructions, remain present at their place of service, salute their officers, and present an appropriate appearance. Appropriate appearance includes wearing a uniform or work clothes according to instructions, as well as all insignia, tags, and identification badges, which must be worn at all times. The Army has detailed regulations concerning the wearing of jewelry, hair coloring and nail polish, hairstyles, facial hair, etc. Religious soldiers are permitted to have beards. Similarly, soldiers may wear beards for health reasons, provided that they receive medical authorization or permission from their commanding officers. No alterations may be made to I.D.F. uniforms, with the exception of shortening or lengthening trouser legs, on condition that the trouser leg reaches to the ankle. All trousers must be hemmed. Similarly, it is permissible to take in or let out trouser waistbands. A male soldier in uniform may not wear any type of jewelry with the exception of a wedding ring and one small neck chain. Women soldiers may not wear any type of jewelry, except for one small necklace made of gold, silver, or similar metal, and one small pendant. Women may also wear up to two rings, in addition to a wedding ring, and one post-style earring in each ear (no dangling earrings,) as well as one bracelet. Military Service 31

32 Women soldiers may wear short hair down to nape of their neck. Women with long hair must wear it gathered at the nape of the neck or on top of the head, and secured with pins or a black or brown rubber band. Women may also wear their hair in one braid at the back of their head. Colorful hair ornaments are not permitted. Male soldiers must wear their hair short. They are not permitted layered hairstyles; similarly they may not shave their heads either partially or completely. Neither men nor women soldiers are permitted to wear any kind of piercing on their body while in military service. Details about disciplinary regulations, guidelines for uniforms, etc. are provided to new recruits at the time of induction, and are reviewed at the beginning of service. Medical Services Soldiers are insured for medical care through the Army, and not through any of the health funds. A unit medic examines a soldier in need of medical treatment. Soldiers also have the right to request an examination by a doctor, in accordance with their state of health. Commanders are obliged to abide by any recommendations made by the doctor. A soldier in need of corrective eyeglasses can receive one pair at the I.D.F. s expense, upon referral from a unit physician. A unit physician can refer a soldier to a specialist; the soldier must bring the specialist s diagnosis and recommendations back to the unit physician. A specialist s recommendation is only binding upon the concurrence of the unit physician. Sick leave or concessions for sick soldiers on base are granted according to the nature of the illness and upon the judgment of the physician. A soldier who needs medical care during leave or vacation should report to the nearest local military clinic. 32 Military Service

33 Leave Long weekends: soldiers in field units can receive long weekend leave (Friday and Saturday) once a month. Long weekends are not cumulative. Regular Leave: soldiers can have regular leave of between 15 to 20 days per calendar year, depending on the type of unit. They can accumulate between 5-7 days from year to year. Leave for Exams: soldiers nearing the end of compulsory service, who are preparing to study in an institution of higher education, can receive special leave of 4-12 days in order to prepare for entrance exams, psychometric exams, and other required exams. The commanding officer must give permission. Special leave: soldiers may request special leave for family or personal reasons. The leave may be authorized if the soldier has already used all regular leave days, and if the leave is for no more than 30 days in one year of service. Demobilization leave: soldiers may be given leave close to the end of their period of compulsory service, according to type of service. Special leave for lone soldiers and immigrant soldiers: see the section entitled Benefits to Immigrant Soldiers. Military Service 33

34 Whom to Approach All complaints and requests (except in extraordinary cases) must go through the regular chain of command. An enlisted man is not allowed to approach an officer with a particular problem without going through the mem-kaf (mefaked kita N.C.O.) first. Most contact with the bureaucracy takes place in the office of the mashakit tash (she is responsible for conditions of service.) A good mashakit will save the soldiers in her unit lots of heartache. She can intercede on their behalf with the commanding officers, ask for special assistance, or do several little things that may make their stay in the Army easier. However, she, like them, is a "low man on the totem pole." Some units also have a "mashakit aliyah" who is responsible for helping absorb immigrants into their units, helping with Hebrew studies, and advising on issues relating to conditions of service. The mashakit aliyah does not replace the mashakit tash. Soldiers Complaint Commissioner The Soldiers Complaint Commissioner (netzivut kvilot chayalim) is part of the Ministry of Defense that handles inquiries and complaints from soldiers about issues including conditions of service, unreasonable orders or unfair treatment, injustice or blatant deviation from regulations, etc. Inquiries may be submitted in writing, and must include personal details including home address and telephone, and details of the incident. See Useful Addresses. The Public Appeals Commissioner The Public Appeals Commissioner (Katzin/Katzinat Pniyot HaTzibur) is an intermediary between the I.D.F. and the civilian sector, and handles direct inquiries of soldiers in regular service and in reserve duty regarding irregularities, injustices, and mismanagement in their units. The Commissioner also deals with soldier s inquiries about deferments and exemptions from military service, family and psychological problems affecting soldiers, medical problems and medical board decisions, and unanswered requests for easing of conditions of service. Families of soldiers may also consult with the Public Appeals Commissioner. 34 Military Service